Automotive stakeholders (including OEMs, suppliers, and aftermarket specialists, etc.) can use V2G-Sim to understand the impacts of vehicle-grid integration on individual vehicles, or on their business as a whole. Example applications for automotive stakeholders include:

1. Understanding, quantifying and avoiding battery degradation in vehicles while they are driving, or while they are providing any grid service.
2. Understanding the value streams that can result from using vehicles to provide vehicle-grid services, to quantify how much a given grid service can offset the capital cost of a given PEV design.
3. Enabling aggregation of vehicles in a given region to enable bidding of grid services into an electricity market, without compromising the mobility needs of drivers.
4. Design vehicles and powertrain control systems to support grid services.
5. Understand the energy or fuel savings that can result from a given vehicle design.
6. Alleviating range anxiety for EV owners or prospective EV buyers.
7. Quantifying the value for owners of PEVs participating in electricity markets.

Wholesale, transmission, or distribution systems operators can apply V2G-Sim to understand the impacts and opportunities from greater PEV deployment on their systems and markets. Examples of applications of V2G-Sim for electricity market stakeholders include:

1. Planning the future grid with PEVs as a resource.
2. Providing reliable forecasts for aggregating PEV loads, storage and V2G opportunities and bidding PEV services into the electricity market.
3. Quantifying the value of any managed charging or discharging vehicle-grid service.
4. Predicting the temporal and spatial charging demand profile for PEVs, and quantifying the flexibility for shifting charging times and/or charging rates to deliver grid services.
5. Enabling optimal real-time control of vehicle charging or discharging to accomplish any grid objective without compromising vehicle mobility requirements.
6. Understanding the ability for PEVs to enable integration of other resources, including intermittent renewable generation.
7. Developing optimal managed charging or discharging control algorithms for any vehicle-grid integration service.
8. Simulating grid impacts and opportunities of a given vehicle-grid integration architecture prior to launching a pilot project, enabling deployment of optimal vehicle-grid integration strategies.

The policy, regulatory, economic and business models that will enable vehicle grid integration have yet to be established. Given the cross-cutting nature of vehicle-grid integration, policy makers, analysts and business people must simultaneously consider the interacting variables affecting automotive, electricity grid and end user stakeholders. V2G-Sim provides predictive information about how vehicles will interact with the grid under any set of scenarios enabling informed decision making in the process to establish new policies and regulations or new economic or business models enabling vehicle-grid integration. Examples of applications of V2G-Sim for policy and business include:

1. Understanding how any electricity pricing structure will impact PEV economics for individual drivers, and performing sensitivity analysis to quantify the magnitude of grid benefits for a set of chosen electricity pricing schemes.
2. Understanding the value of vehicle-grid integration for any grid service that vehicles can offer, quantifying the magnitude of grid benefits, and the costs of any associated battery degradation.
3. Quantifying the potential for vehicles to enable intermittent renewables integration to inform the formation of policies that simultaneously enable clean transportation and a clean grid. For example: quantifying how vehicles can offset the challenges of widespread renewables deployment identified in the California “Duck Curve”.
4. Quantifying the most likely time when vehicle batteries will transition from their first to second life for any number of different ways that vehicles will be used for driving or for grid services.

In choosing whether to buy a PEV, individual owners and fleet managers need to be certain that a given PEV model will meet their individual needs. V2G-Sim coupled with the V2G-Sim Mobile App provide this understanding for end users to ultimately accelerate the adoption of PEVs. Examples of applications of V2G-Sim for end users include:

1. Understanding before purchasing a new vehicle whether a given PEV model will meet the needs for a driver using their individual driving patterns and drive cycles.
2. Understanding before purchasing a new vehicle whether a dedicated charging station will be required at home, work, or other locations, or whether the use standard wall outlets is sufficient.
3. For EV owners, understanding whether their vehicle has sufficient charge to make their next trip while considering their likely route, current traffic conditions, terrain, etc.
4. For EV owners, understanding how much can be saved on their electricity bill by altering their charging patterns or how much they can earn by allowing their vehicle to offer grid services.